Subject areas
ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database providing fast text and structure search access to over 34 million structures from hundreds of data sources.
The NIST Chemistry WebBook provides users with easy access to chemical and physical property data for chemical species through the internet. The data provided in the site are from collections maintained by the NIST Standard Reference Data Program and outside contributors. Data in the WebBook system are organized by chemical species.
The Pherobase. Database of pheromones and semiochemicals
The main objective of The Pherobase is to convert scientific data and knowledge from the literature and published peer-reviewed information about behavioural modifying chemicals into electronically searchable database entries. The Pherobase is extensively linked, user-friendly, easy to understand and to follow.
The last decade provided the biologist with a novel live colour palette comprising genetically encoded, multicolored fluorescent proteins (FP). The living plant cell turned into a ‘coloring book’ and today, nearly every ‘text book’ organelle has been highlighted in scintillating fluorescent colors. Indeed, for most organelles multiple FP-probes are already available and the number of new targeted probes continues to grow steadily.
NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information
The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information.
Teaching Tools in Plant Biology, published by the American Society of Plant Biologists, combines up-to-date peer-reviewed research-based content with flexible presentation components that can be used alone or integrated into your lesson plans so that you can confidently present these exciting topics in your classroom. We've addressed the stress and pressure busy educators face when devising course material by providing a short essay introducing each topic, PowerPoint slides, and suggested readings.
The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) maintains a database of genetic and molecular biology data for the model higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana .
ISAAA. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
ISAAA develops an array of publications, videos, and presentation slides on various topics. These are available in hard copy, or in electronic format. Many of the materials are downloadable from ISAAA’s website. While most of the materials can be purchased online, hard copies are available for free to eligible nationals of developing countries
ISAAA. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
ISAAA develops an array of publications, videos, and presentation slides on various topics. These are available in hard copy, or in electronic format. Many of the materials are downloadable from ISAAA’s website. While most of the materials can be purchased online, hard copies are available for free to eligible nationals of developing countries.
Database of pheromones and semiochemicals. The main objective of The Pherobase is to convert scientific data and knowledge from the literature and published peer-reviewed information about behavioural modifying chemicals into electronically searchable database entries. The Pherobase is extensively linked, user-friendly, easy to understand and to follow.
Pl@ntUse is a collaborative platform for sharing information on useful plants and their uses. It does not aim to duplicate existing encyclopaedias (including Wikipedia), but rather to provide complementary features.
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific in-house research agency. Our job is finding solutions to agricultural problems that affect Americans every day from field to table.
AlgaeBase is a global algal database of taxonomic, nomenclatural and distributional information.
This series of pages is a set of characterizations of all orders and families of extant angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms, i.e. all seed plants, as well as many clades grouping families and orders and some smaller clades, especially within larger families [...].
This atlas is intended as a support tool for the study of plant forms, from the cellular level to the whole organism. It does not replace the theoretical and practical laboratory activities associated with the various Botany courses.
The atlas is organised into three sections. The first and second sections focus on plant tissues and the microscopic anatomy of organs and reproductive structures of Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). They include photographic reproductions of numerous microscopic preparations presented during lectures and laboratory sessions in General Botany. Each topic is preceded by a short introduction providing basic information on the different types of cells, tissues and organs, necessary for analysing and recognising the preparations. For further study, reference is made to the textbooks recommended by course instructors.
The third section, Systematics, is currently under development. A number of photographs of vegetative and reproductive structures of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, organised by family, are already available. The atlas also includes fungi, which are usually covered in Botany courses despite belonging to a separate kingdom, as well as lichens, which are not individual organisms but the result of a symbiotic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
The Dryades website allows access to interactive identification tool devoted to plants, fungi and animals, to archives of digital images, and to important databases on the biodiversity Italy. A specific section - related to the project SIIT - is dedicated to projects for schools.
Global Plants lets herbaria share their plant type specimens, experts determine and update plant names, and students discover and learn about plants in context. The database is an essential resource for institutions supporting research and teaching in botany, ecology, and conservation studies.
ICBN International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code 2018)
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is the set of rules and recommendations that govern the scientific naming of all organisms traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, including blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria), chytrids, oomycetes, slime moulds, and photosynthetic protists with their taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups (but excluding Microsporidia). Before 2011 it was called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
Index Herbariorum is a guide to this crucial resource for biodiversity science and conservation. Collectively the world's herbaria contain an estimated 387,007,790 specimens that document the earth's vegetation for the past 400 years. As of December 1 2017, there are 3,001 active herbaria in the world today, with approximately 12,174 associated curators and biodiversity specialists.
The InsideWood project integrates wood anatomical information from the literature and original observations into an internet-accessible database useful for research and teaching. The InsideWood database contains brief descriptions of fossil and modern woody dicots (hardwoods) from more than 200 plant families, and is searchable by an interactive, multiple-entry key. This wood anatomy web site has over 40,000 images showing anatomical details.
IPNI The International Plant Names Database
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes. Its goal is to eliminate the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names. The data are freely available and are gradually being standardized and checked. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, depending on direct contributions by all members of the botanical community.
Kew is a global resource for plant and fungal knowledge. Our unique combination of extensive collections, databases, scientific expertise and global partnerships gives us a leading role in facilitating access to fundamental plant and fungal information.
A new e-way to discover biodiversity. The project mobilizes 14 partners from 11 EU countries, including leading centres in biology, pedagogy, education, and information technology.
The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project
The Natural History Museum's science mission is to explore the diversity of the natural world and the processes that generate this diversity. We aim to use the knowledge gained to promote responsible interaction with the natural world. Fundamental to this mission is taxonomy - the theory and practice of naming, describing and classifying organisms.
NHN National Herbarium of Netherlands
The NHN herbarium database incorporates data from various sources. A majority of records relate to specimens held at one of the NHN herbaria (L, U & WAG). The database also contains records of duplicates sent to other herbaria, specimens databased for taxonomic revision and from areas of special interest to NHN.
Agile guida per l'identificazione delle principali specie vegetali in pianta od arbusto.
Systematic Biology. The Science of Biodiversity
The Diversity of Life web site is designed to be used for educational purposes. As with most web sites, the linked pages are under continuous revision, as is our understanding of the relationships of living things. If you use information from these pages, please cite them as follows: Holt, Jack R. and Carlos A. Iudica. 2013. Diversity of Life.
Tavole di Botanica sistematica
Tavole di Botanica sistematica a cura del Dipartimento di Botanica, Centro Universitario per la Tutela e la Gestione degli Ambienti e degli Agro-Ecosistemi dell'Università degli Studi di Catania.
The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world. On more than 10,000 World Wide Web pages, the project provides information about biodiversity, the characteristics of different groups of organisms, and their evolutionary history (phylogeny).
Tropicos® was originally created for internal research but has since been made available to the world’s scientific community. All of the nomenclatural, bibliographic, and specimen data accumulated in MBG’s electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here. This system has nearly 1.3 million scientific names and over 4.4 million specimen records.
World checklist of selected plant families
WCSP is an international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plant families. It allows you to search for all the scientific names of a particular plant, or the areas of the world in which it grows (distribution). The checklist includes 173 Seed Plant families (View list of included families). Different families are in different stages of review as indicated in the family list. There are currently more than 155 contributors from 22 countries.
DAISIE. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe
Biological invasions by non-native or 'alien' species are one of the greatest threats to the ecological and economic well-being of the planet. Alien species can act as vectors for new diseases, alter ecosystem processes, change biodiversity, disrupt cultural landscapes, reduce the value of land and water for human activities and cause other socio-economic consequences for man.
EASIN. European Alien Species Information Network
EASIN aims to facilitate the exploration of existing alien species information in Europe to assist the implementation of european policies on biological invasions.
EPPO. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for cooperation in plant health within the Euro-Mediterranean region. Its objectives are to protect plants, by developing international strategies against the introduction and spread of pests which are a threat to agriculture, forestry and the environment, and by promoting safe and effective pest control methods.
GISD. Global invasive species database
This database is hosted in the United States by the Invasive Species Information Node of the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) and in New Zealand by the Invasive Species Specialist Group(ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.
Global Plants lets herbaria share their plant type specimens, experts determine and update plant names, and students discover and learn about plants in context. The database is an essential resource for institutions supporting research and teaching in botany, ecology, and conservation studies.
Invasive Species Specialist Group
The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) is a global network of scientific and policy experts on invasive species, organized under the auspices of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Assessments of climate change by the IPCC, drawing on the work of hundreds of scientists from all over the world, enable policymakers at all levels of government to take sound, evidence-based decisions.
The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project
The Natural History Museum's science mission is to explore the diversity of the natural world and the processes that generate this diversity. We aim to use the knowledge gained to promote responsible interaction with the natural world. Fundamental to this mission is taxonomy - the theory and practice of naming, describing and classifying organisms.
Italian Manual for the Interpretation of Habitats of Directive 92/43/EEC
With the Habitats Directive, Europe established an extensive network of sites aimed at conserving the habitats and populations of animal and plant species that best represent the biodiversity of the continent. [...]
Under Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992, a continent-wide survey of biodiversity was carried out with the aim of ensuring the conservation of natural and semi-natural habitats and of wild flora and fauna.
This is the place to find core information about what the EU is doing to protect its environment – air, water, nature, biodiversity and so on.
The content of Parks.it is produced by around 250 contributors. In addition to Federparchi – the Italian Federation of Parks and Nature Reserves and the Ministry for the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea, most contributors are public institutions, primarily the authorities responsible for managing protected areas, as well as several regional departments and environmental associations managing nature reserves.
SistemaPiemonte. Naturalistic Databases
The Protected Natural Areas Sector of the Piedmont Region has developed a tool for sharing naturalistic data collected during its activities with other organisations working in the field. The BDN service, created through collaboration between the Piedmont Region, IPLA, and CSI–Piemonte, allows users to retrieve information on observations of plant and animal species in the territory of Piedmont through a dedicated search engine.
Official website of the Piedmont Region dedicated to invasive exotic plant species.
Acta Plantarum is an open-source project dedicated to the study of the spontaneous flora of Italy.
BBPAO (Bibliografia Botanica del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta)
The Bibliografia Botanica del Piemonte e della Valle d’Aosta (BBPAO) updates the previous regional floristic bibliographies (1970 and 2000). In this edition, the data have been made publicly available through an online platform, whose structure and use are described on the website of the Library of the Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology of the University of Turin.
A portal bringing together floras of North America, Missouri, Chile, the Andes and Ecuador, China, and Nepal.
eVeg is a database (CATMINAT programme, developed by Philippe Julve) concerning the vegetation of metropolitan France, with extensions to Europe (see Holarctic and Eurasian areas), based on the principles of integrated synusial phytosociology.
Flora Iberica compiles information on the different regions of the Iberian Peninsula, including the Balearic Islands, following the classification system of the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid.
Vascular Flora of the Aosta Valley
The website www.floravda.it is the natural continuation of the volume Flora Vascolare della Valle d’Aosta by M. Bovio, published in 2014 by the Société de la Flore Valdôtaine, a long-standing naturalist association of the Aosta Valley. The online version allows quick consultation of the catalogue, organised into floristic and bibliographic records, and supports its continuous updating. The texts of the online version are edited by M. Bovio, and the catalogue is enriched with photographs by M. Broglio.
This portal organises nomenclatural and distribution data derived from the recent checklists of native and alien plants of Italy (and their subsequent updates), with links to resources from other related projects.
AFL. Association française de lichenologie
The website of the Association française de Lichénologie brings together around 300 members, both amateurs and professionals, interested in lichenised fungi (lichens) and lichenicolous fungi. The association promotes the recognition of lichens in nature and encourages the study of their properties, classification, ecology, roles, conservation and uses.
Promoting the study, enjoyment and conservation of Lichens throughout the world, but with a special emphasis on the British Isles.
The Dryades website allows access to interactive identification tool devoted to plants, fungi and animals, to archives of digital images, and to important databases on the biodiversity Italy. A specific section - related to the project SIIT - is dedicated to projects for schools.
IAL. Intenational Association for Lichenology
The International Association for Lichenology (IAL) promotes the study and conservation of lichens. It organizes symposia, field trips, and distributes a biannual newsletter. There is also a listserver that enables on-line discussion of topics of interest.
ITALIC. The Information System on Italian Lichens
ITALIC makes available information about the lichens known to occur in Italy. It is maintained and updated by the Research Unit of Prof. Pier Luigi Nimis, at the University of Trieste (NE Italy), Dept. of Life Sciences. The present version incorporates information from the latest Checklist of the Lichens of Italy by Nimis (2016).
Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes.
Lichen photogallery - Stridvall
A gallery of 3,838 images of lichens, curated by Leif Stridvall.
North American Lichen Herbaria
The Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (CNALH) was created to serve as a gateway to distributed data resources of interest to the taxonomic and environmental research community in North America. Through a common web interface, we offer tools to locate, access and work with a variety of data, such as keying to species.
The Italian Lichen Society (Società Lichenologica Italiana – SLI) promotes the dissemination and advancement of lichenological studies in Italy. Each year it organises a conference, introductory and advanced courses, scientific meetings and field excursions, and publishes a newsletter. The Society collaborates with other scientific organisations with similar aims, both in Italy and abroad.
Mycology forum
Cybertruffle provides access to a series of websites with information about fungi and their associated organisms. This information is openly and freely available. In addition to four main websites providing access to the Cybertruffle databases (Cyberliber, Cybernome, Robigalia and Valhalla), the Cybertruffle server hosts a range of other websites dealing with these organisms. The topics include: conservation, database specifications, expeditions & fieldwork, journals, meetings, mycological societies, mycological themes, projects, and websites providing database information about fungi of individual countries and fungi on genera of associated organisms. This page also provides access to websites supported by Cybertruffle on other servers.
The Database of PCR primers for phytopathogenic fungi
The first on-line searchable database of primer sets useful for the detection of plant pathogenic fungi. The database is currently curated by dr. Stefano Ghignone, researcher at Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante – UOS Turin (CNR) and dr. Quirico Migheli, Professor at University of Sassari, and is open to user contributions.
Search through over 800 pictures and animations that help illustrate concepts found in the book The Fifth Kingdom. Some of the actual chapters found in the book and CD-ROM are also included on this site. The Fifth Kingdom is a mycology textbook. The book has been adopted by over 40 universities and colleges around the world. Both the book and CD ROM are also popular with amateur and professional mycologists.
The Index Fungorum database and web site has moved and is now based at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, a UK non-departmental public body with exempt charitable status and with over 250 years of scientific research on plants and fungi. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (via the Mycology Section) represents one of the three Index Fungorum partners together with Landcare Research-NZ (the New Zealand Crown Research Institute for terrestrial biodiversity and land resources, managing the national fungal collection PDD) and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science.
MycoBank. Fungal databases nomenclature and species banks
MycoBank is an on-line database aimed as a service to the mycological and scientific community by documenting mycological nomenclatural novelties (new names and combinations) and associated data, for example descriptions and illustrations.
Online keys for fungi and lichens. The Mycology.Net is an Internet Portal from scientists for scientists presenting information about diversity of Fungi
Mycology Online. The University of Adelaide
This site is provided by Associate Professor David Ellis and Dr Sarah Kidd from the School of Molecular and Biomedical Science at the University of Adelaide, Australia.
MYCONET publishes a continuously updated "Outline of Ascomycota" and "Notes on ascomycete systematics", informing on new concepts that may necessitate changes in the Outline. Files devoted to the classification of other groups of fungi may be published in the future. More information on the journal MYCONET here. Myconet 14 was published on December 27, 2010 with a new Outline and a new set of Notes. The present classification is based in part on earlier versions published in Systema Ascomycetum and Myconet. It includes all accepted genera and higher taxa of Ascomycota. New synonymous generic names are included in the outline. In future outlines attempts will be made to incorporate all synonymous generic names (for a list of synonymous generic names, see Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998).
Genome and Transcriptome of Mycorrhizal fungi (editor S. Ghignone).
USDA-ARS. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology
The one-million reference specimens in the U.S. National Fungus Collections document the biological diversity and distribution of fungi through time and space. SMML provides on-line information including identification tools for plant-associated fungi to users through electronic databases on the Internet.
A directory of arboreta and botanical gardens worldwide.
One of the largest and most prestigious botanical gardens in the United States and worldwide, located in St. Louis, Missouri.
Botanical gardens and historic gardens are living museums—multidisciplinary spaces for meeting and cultural exchange, attracting an increasingly diverse public. Their main activities focus on ex situ conservation of plant diversity, research, public outreach, and environmental education.
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, is probably the most renowned centre for botanical and mycological knowledge in the world. Its two gardens in West London and Wakehurst (Sussex) represent plant biodiversity from across the globe.
This site is dedicated to the study of early herbal texts, particularly those written in German and Latin. It aims to make available research material and digital versions of important texts, among them those prepared by Peter Seidensticker, Professor emeritus of Marburg University.
Digital Historic Garden Literature
This Library has more than 56.000 volumes in stock. This includes 24.000 monographs, which are online accessible via online-catalogue-University Library of TU Berlin. More than 1.700 periodical titles are also available online. Some 3.500 monographs and 4.000 periodical volumes have appeared before 1900. The oldest book of the library dates from 1529, the oldest periodical from 1783. The library collects garden literature from all over Europe. Its stock is unrivalled in German speaking countries. Many titles are available only at this library.
Prepared under the aegis of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala University and its library, and the Linnean Society of London, with the collaboration of the Centre international d’étude du XVIIIe siècle.
Phaidra. Iconoteca dei botanici
The Iconoteca dei Botanici includes 2,380 portraits of Italian and international botanists, dating from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 20th century. The collection consists of photographs (salt prints, albumen prints, aristotypes, platinotypes, gelatin silver prints), glass plate negatives, engravings, watercolours, drawings, paintings and photomechanical prints. The collection is preserved at the Library of the Botanical Garden of Padua.
Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (Stafleu et al.). TL-2 is the premier publication of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) and this online version was made possible by the generous cooperation of the IAPT.